Reference index
LaTeX Command Reference
Browse LaTeX math commands with syntax, examples, package notes, and related commands.
Accents
\overleftrightarrowBidirectional OverarrowPlaces a bidirectional arrow over an expression.\oversetOversetPlaces an annotation above an expression.\underleftarrowUnder Left ArrowPlaces a left arrow beneath an expression.\underrightarrowUnder Right ArrowPlaces a right arrow beneath an expression.\undersetUndersetPlaces an annotation below an expression.\overrightarrowVector ArrowPlaces a right arrow over a vector or segment label.\widetildeWide TildePlaces a stretchable tilde over a multi-character expression.Annotations
\bcancelBackward Cancel MarkDraws a backward diagonal cancellation line through an expression.\cancelCancel MarkDraws a diagonal cancellation line through an expression.\colorboxColor BoxAdds a colored background behind content.\stackrelStacked RelationPlaces a compact annotation above a relation.\textcolorText ColorColors a mathematical fragment when color is appropriate.Arrows
Calculus
Combinatorics
Delimiters
\absAbsolute Value DelimiterTypesets automatically sized absolute-value delimiters.\ceilCeiling DelimiterTypesets automatically sized ceiling brackets.\DeclarePairedDelimiterDeclare Paired DelimiterDefines a reusable delimiter command with automatic sizing support.\lfloor...\rfloorFloor DelimitersTypesets paired floor delimiters around an expression.\normNorm DelimiterTypesets automatically sized double-bar norm delimiters.\qtyPhysics Quantity DelimitersAutomatically sizes common delimiters in physics notation.Environments
alignAlign EnvironmentAligns multiple displayed equation rows at chosen alignment points.alignedAligned EnvironmentAligns several equations inside another math environment.casesCases EnvironmentCreates a left-braced piecewise layout.gatheredGathered EnvironmentStacks centered equations inside another math environment.multlinedMultlined EnvironmentBreaks one long equation across several lines.Fonts
\mathbbBlackboard BoldApplies blackboard-bold styling to supported letters.\mathbbmBlackboard Bold ExtendedProvides additional blackboard-bold characters such as an indicator one.\bmBold MathMakes symbols and compound mathematical content bold.\boldsymbolBold Math SymbolMakes a mathematical symbol bold while preserving symbol shape.\mathbfBold Upright MathApplies bold upright styling to Latin letters and numbers.\mathcalCalligraphic MathApplies calligraphic styling to supported uppercase Latin letters.\mathfrakFraktur FontApplies Fraktur styling to letters.\pmbPoor Man’s BoldSimulates bold symbols by overprinting.Fractions
Greek Letters
\alphaAlphaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Alpha, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\betaBetaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Beta, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\chiChiProduces the lowercase Greek letter Chi, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\deltaDeltaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Delta, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\epsilonEpsilonProduces the lowercase Greek letter Epsilon, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\etaEtaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Eta, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\gammaGammaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Gamma, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\iotaIotaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Iota, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\kappaKappaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Kappa, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\lambdaLambdaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Lambda, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\muMuProduces the lowercase Greek letter Mu, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\nuNuProduces the lowercase Greek letter Nu, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\omegaOmegaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Omega, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\phiPhiProduces the lowercase Greek letter Phi, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\piPiProduces the lowercase Greek letter Pi, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\psiPsiProduces the lowercase Greek letter Psi, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\rhoRhoProduces the lowercase Greek letter Rho, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\sigmaSigmaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Sigma, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\tauTauProduces the lowercase Greek letter Tau, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\thetaThetaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Theta, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\DeltaUppercase DeltaProduces the uppercase Greek letter Delta.\GammaUppercase GammaProduces the uppercase Greek letter Gamma.\SigmaUppercase SigmaProduces the uppercase Greek letter Sigma.\varepsilonVariant EpsilonProduces the lowercase Greek letter Variant Epsilon, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\varphiVariant PhiProduces the lowercase Greek letter Variant Phi, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\varthetaVariant ThetaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Variant Theta, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\xiXiProduces the lowercase Greek letter Xi, commonly used as a mathematical variable.\zetaZetaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Zeta, commonly used as a mathematical variable.Layout
\boxedBoxed FormulaDraws a box around a mathematical expression.\shortintertextCompact IntertextInserts compact text between aligned rows.\fboxFramed BoxPlaces text or a math wrapper inside a rectangular frame.\hphantomHorizontal PhantomReserves only the horizontal size of content.\intertextIntertext in AlignmentInserts explanatory text between aligned equation rows.\mathclapMath ClapCenters content in zero horizontal width.\mathllapMath Left LapPlaces content in zero width while aligning it to the left.\mathchoiceMath Style ChoiceChooses content according to display, text, script, or scriptscript style.\phantomPhantomReserves the size of content while making it invisible.\raiseboxRaise BoxMoves boxed content vertically by a specified amount.\smashSmash DimensionsSuppresses the height and depth of content for layout calculations.\vphantomVertical PhantomReserves only the vertical size of content.Matrices
BmatrixBraced MatrixCreates a matrix enclosed in braces.vmatrixDeterminant MatrixCreates a matrix enclosed by single vertical bars.VmatrixDouble-Bar MatrixCreates a matrix enclosed by double vertical bars.pmatrixParenthesized MatrixCreates a matrix enclosed in parentheses.smallmatrixSmall Matrix EnvironmentCreates a compact matrix suitable for inline mathematics.Numbering
Operators
Relations
Scripts
Structures, Accents, and Spacing
\begin{aligned}...\end{aligned}Aligned EquationsAlign multiple lines inside math\left...\rightAutomatic Delimiter SizingScale paired delimiters to content\bar{...}Bar AccentPlace a short bar over a symbol\binom{n}{k}Binomial CoefficientTypeset a binomial coefficient\begin{bmatrix}...\end{bmatrix}Bracketed MatrixCreate a matrix with square brackets\begin{cases}...\end{cases}Cases EnvironmentCreate a piecewise definition\dot{...}Dot AccentFirst time derivative notation\ddot{...}Double Dot AccentSecond time derivative notation\qquadDouble Quad SpaceInsert two ems of mathematical space\hat{...}Hat AccentPlace a hat over a symbol\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}Matrix EnvironmentCreate a matrix without delimiters\operatorname{...}Named OperatorCreate correctly spaced operator names\!Negative Thin SpaceReduce a small amount of math spacing\overbrace{...}^{...}OverbraceAnnotate a grouped expression above\overline{...}OverlinePlace a line over an expression\begin{pmatrix}...\end{pmatrix}Parenthesized MatrixCreate a matrix with parentheses\pmod{...}Parenthesized ModuloWrite a modular congruence qualifier\quadQuad SpaceInsert one em of mathematical space\text{...}Text in MathInsert upright explanatory text inside mathematics\,Thin Math SpaceInsert a thin positive space\underbrace{...}_{...}UnderbraceAnnotate a grouped expression below\underline{...}UnderlinePlace a line under an expression\vec{...}Vector Arrow AccentPlace an arrow over a symbol\widehat{...}Wide Hat AccentPlace a wide hat over a longer expressionSymbols and Operators
\angleAngleGeometric angle\approxApproximately EqualApproximate numerical equality\mathbf{v}Bold VectorBold upright vector notation\mathcal{F}Calligraphic FFamily, transform, or sigma algebra\cdotCentered DotCompact multiplication or dot product\ointContour IntegralIntegral over a closed curve^\circDegree MarkAngle or temperature degree\divDivision SignArithmetic division\iintDouble IntegralTwo-dimensional integration\inElement OfSet membership\emptysetEmpty SetSet with no elements\equivEquivalentIdentity, congruence, or logical equivalence\forallFor AllUniversal quantifier\fracFractionStructured numerator and denominator\geqGreater Than or EqualNon-strict order relation\iffIf and Only IfLogical equivalence\impliesImpliesLogical implication\inftyInfinityUnbounded limit or interval endpoint\mathbb{Z}Integer SetBlackboard-bold integers\intIntegralIndefinite or definite integral\capIntersectionSet intersection\leftarrowLeft ArrowReverse mapping or implication\leftrightarrowLeft Right ArrowBidirectional relation\leqLess Than or EqualNon-strict order relation\landLogical AndConjunction\negLogical NotNegation\lorLogical OrDisjunction\mapstoMaps ToFunction mapping\mpMinus or PlusPaired minus/plus alternatives\timesMultiplication SignExplicit multiplication or Cartesian product\nablaNablaGradient, divergence, or curl operator\notinNot Element OfNegated set membership\neqNot EqualInequality relation\parallelParallelParallel lines or vectors\partialPartial Derivative SymbolPartial differentiation\perpPerpendicularOrthogonality or independence\pmPlus or MinusPlus/minus alternatives\prodProduct OperatorRepeated multiplication with limits\subsetProper SubsetStrict subset relation\proptoProportional ToProportional relationship\mathbb{R}Real Number SetBlackboard-bold real numbers\hbarReduced Planck ConstantQuantum mechanics constant\toRight ArrowMapping, limit, or transition\ellScript EllLength or line variable\simSimilar or Distributed AsSimilarity, asymptotic relation, or distribution\sqrtSquare RootSquare root or indexed radical\subseteqSubset or EqualNon-strict subset relation\sumSummation OperatorFinite or infinite sum with limits\existsThere ExistsExistential quantifier\cupUnionSet union